Tag Archives: Kenneth Goldsmith

Alphabetical Diaries by Sheila Heti (Fitzcarraldo Editions)

Alphabetical Diaries by Sheila Heti (Fitzcarraldo Editions)

In basic terms, this is a diary subjected to a processual restraint: ten years of the author’s ‘thoughts’ rearranged alphabetically. Unlike many conceptual writing pieces (I’m thinking of some of the texts in Kenneth Goldsmith and Craig Dworkin’s marvellous Against Expression: an anthology of conceptual writing, which I use with my first year students) Sheila Heti’s needs to be read, not simply understood.

I’d previously read a 17 page online piece by Heti which was published as ‘From My Diaries (2006-10) in Alphabetical Order’, so was expecting a longer version of the same, but the work appears to be partly different material, and has a very different texture to it. The online piece looks like and reads as a list poem, with a lot of headings – single words or short phrases – within the text. It also undercuts itself with its jokey final line: ‘What a load of rubbish all this writing is’.

Although that phrase is present in the Fitzcarraldo book, it isn’t the final phrase (I won’t spoil the read by telling you what is), and here it is simply one phrase in one of the 25 alphabetical chapters (there is no X). Here, the diaries are taken apart and reassembled as dense blocks of prose: relentless, often staccato phrases with little space around them. (K, U and Z are the exceptions, each being much shorter sections.)

You would think that this might simply produce a pile-up, even a car-crash, of language; but you’d be wrong. What is allows the reader to do is focus on the language and experience how each successive phrase reconfigures what has gone before and raises expectations for what comes next. And my students, who always worry about such things, would question what had happened to the author’s voice, but Heti’s voice is, of course, more than present, because of the vocabulary, syntax and her subjects; it remains her writing. By rearranging sentences alphabetically we notice textures of, and the changes in, her voice, as – for example – ‘I was’ slips to ‘I watched’ to ‘I welled up’ to ‘I went back’ and then ‘I went back’, ‘I went into’, ‘I went to’, ‘I went up’ and so on. 

By fragmenting and then formulaically rearranging these personal records, Heti has reinvigorated them as more than a journal, brought them to life as a fascinating book which highlights the consistency and inconsistencies of us all, how our minds flit from subject to subject to elsewhere. It is a warm-hearted, individual, exploration of what it is to be alive, what it is to be human. As the opening line says, it is ‘A book about how difficult it is to change, why we don’t want to, and what is going on in our brain.’ 

Rupert Loydell 11th January 2024

‘From My Diaries (2006-10) in Alphabetical Order’ is available at http://tearsinthefence.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/3dd0b-hetifinal.pdf

Because I love you, I become war by Eileen R. Tabios (Marsh Hawk Press)

Because I love you, I become war by Eileen R. Tabios (Marsh Hawk Press)

Some people think I’m a hyperactive writer. A reviewer in Exeter once suggested that either I was one of those names used by a group of individuals or that I had been cloned. Goodness knows what they would make of the extensive two page list of publications by Eileen R. Tabios at the start of this book! Because I love you… is subtitled ‘Poems and Uncollected Poetics Prose’ and contains an unruly mix of the experimental, the imagistic, the political, the conceptual and the explanatory; the author is very, very present throughout.

I don’t mean this is confessional poetry. Tabios knows all about Kenneth Goldsmith’s and others’ theories of re-presentation, collage, processual writing, flarf, variations, responses to and ‘translations’ of work; she’s invented forms (the Hay(na)ku), has an acute sense of poetics, but is adamant about how, even when using ‘the potential randomness of line combinations to create new poems’, the author is present in the work. 

     I thought it important that there be no disavowing or distancing
     of authorship from the work, an element I consider particularly
     important as a poet of color. There are enough forces (from gate-
     keeping to racism) and would-be aesthetic trends (e.g. ‘the author
     is dead’) that would erase the subjectivity of a poet (and any other
     artist) of color. Identity may ever be in flux, but the ‘I’ always
     exists. Without that ‘I’ the speaker does not exist. Without the
     speaker, the concerns of a poet of color would not exist.

‘Yes, but…’ I want to say. The speaker of a poem is (or can or may be) a construct by the author, a character if you like, a narrator. Yes, the author can’t help but be in the poem, leave traces as the person responsible for the text, but does it need foregrounding? 

The interesting thing is that Tabios makes it work. Her poetics prose explains not only how she wrote the work but also why, in both specific and general terms. So, whilst discussing her ‘Murder Death Resurrection’ project, which involves constructing poems, prose poems or prose using lines salvaged from earlier works, each prefaced with the phrase ‘I forgot’ and collected as a database, she notes that even this method of writing, which ‘shifts emphasis away from author to reader in determining the poem’s effectiveness’, affirms what she calls ‘Kapwa Poetics’. This, she explains, is ‘a poetics based on the indigenous Filipino value of interconnection among all beings and things.’

This interconnection also involves time, the past and future, ‘coalesced into a singular moment, a single gem with infinite expanse’. It is also ‘the space in which I strive to write poems,’ she declares, wishing ‘for no one or nothing to be alien to me’. It is this aim, this poetics, that of course, allows Tabios to not only meet environmental damage, economic/political ogliarchism, racism, inequality and colonialism head on, but to write intelligently and fluently about them. This is not right-on rhyming doggerel or militant sloganeering, it is evidence of thoughtful and playful authorial control and purpose.

So in addition to delightful emotional minimalism and self-awareness of

     (Y)our Loss

     Because I loved you
     As if you were a Poem

we get ‘Bauang Beach’, a sequence of six poems which all start with the same 14 couplets but then continue on to form different poems; a lockdown tanka and plenty of chain Hay(na)ku; and the satirical ‘Spots’, written in response to a quote from ‘How to Spot a Communist’, a 1955 pamphlet which in part discusses ‘Communist Language’:

     Comrade, it’s not a witch hunt but a mark of the vanguard to peek
     at the ruling class’ hootenanny (after all, hooliganism has many
     roots), not chauvinism let alone jingoism but the appropriate
     recognition of bourgeois-nationalism—let’s not ignore that divide
     between the progressive and the reactionary—not materialist but,
     if anything, an attempt to dilute exploitation from oppressive
     colonialism, and indeed is simple integrative thinking that might
     even be confused by book-burners as syncretic faith—note, too,
     the length of this sentence as dialectical proof.

The poem – and I love that phrase ‘simple integrative thinking’ – is signed by ‘A Literary Critic For the Sake of National Security’. Elsewhere, other poems take sudden shifts or twists & turns, moving from observation to political comment. ‘Flower’ considers ‘those seeds you kept planting’ and the realization that ‘what you thought was fertile earth was dumb, hard concrete’, before offering a ‘public service announcement’ which lists a number of political figures, criminals and presidents who ‘define “compromised”.’ The poem ends by returning to observe and praise a ‘gleaming-white wildflower cracking, then blossoming, through the sidewalk’ but notes that ‘most curl up and die, never breaking through to attain health from the sun’s ethical lucidity.’

The book ends with some recent poems written in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a postscript offering immediacy and topical writing. This immediacy, the desire to document what’s going on, both the personal and social, underpins this book, as evidenced work such as ‘Kindness, And Its Ease’ and ‘Sustenance’, which precede a poem which simply documents a neighbourly exchange of fruit and vegetables over garden fences. I say simply but, as Tabois observes when discussing her Hay(na)ku form, it is ‘deceptively simple’, and in some ways as militant as her more politically forthright poetry. It is a poem about human interaction, about local economies and society, about how people are or can be interconnected. That said it is not a manifesto or argument, just poetic evidence about what already happens and what might be worth initiating.

I used the phrase ‘unruly mix’ earlier in this review. It was certainly one of my initial impressions of this book, but having lived with it for a while I can see it more as a personable mix, a snapshot perhaps of projects and poetics on the go. Part of me would still like this poet’s work tided up, different projects in different publications, poetics as a book of essays, but that would be to devalue the evident and evidenced interconnectedness of the poetry, essays and poet. I was going to say this book suits the poet, but I don’t know Eileen Tabios personally, so I will instead suggest that this book suits the texts it contains. To use a term from another culture, it has an idea of potlach attached to it, as well as the more English pot luck. It is a gift, a gathering of current writing and thought, which provokes and spins off ideas and thoughts in many directions. In one of her texts, discussing appropriation and re-presentation in relation to a specific work by John Bloomberg-Rissman, Tabois quietly wonders ‘whether the reader will be as avant garde as the poet’. It’s a good question to ask about this volume, too, as those who don’t pay attention or read closely will miss just how radical and aware, how brilliantly playful and subversive, this book is.

Rupert Loydell 16th June 2023

The New Concrete: Visual Poetry in the 21st Century edited by Victoria Bean & Chris McCabe (Hayward Publishing)

The New Concrete: Visual Poetry in the 21st Century edited by Victoria Bean & Chris McCabe (Hayward Publishing)

This sumptuously designed, colourful and beguiling anthology begins with a compendium of quotations on the nature of concrete poetry from poets past and present. The Bolivian poet, Eugen Gomringer, sums up the spirit of the early concrete movement: ‘The purpose of reduced language is not the reduction of language itself but the achievement of greater flexibility and freedom of communication. The resulting poems should be, if possible, as easily understood as signs in airports and traffic signs.’ And: ‘The visible form of concrete poetry is identical to its structure, as is the case with architecture.’ Here we have recognition that concrete poetry was more than a working around the materiality of language and that it was a way of working with that materiality towards a fresh communication in a broad range of forms.

Kenneth Goldsmith’s introductory essay analyses the collapse of concrete poetry in its first period and subsequent re-emergence in the digital age in relation to the technology of the typeface, typewriter and computer. He sees the changes as broadly running in parallel with ‘larger changes across cultural output.’ He cites the Brazilian Noigandres group of poets as the movement founders, as opposed to the German artist Max Bill, or Swedish poet, Öyvind Fahlström, who named the genre, with their efforts to create a universal picture language, a poetry that could be read by all, seeing this visual Esperanto as revolutionary in intent. Goldsmith gives attention to graphic space, as opposed to notions of it being a hybrid of text and image, as the key to understanding how this movement emerged and was conceptualised. This is central to Gomringer’s 1968 poem, ‘schweigen’ / ‘silence’:

schweigen schweigen schweigen
schweigen schweigen schweigen
schweigen
schweigen schweigen schweigen
schweigen schweigen schweigen

The poem works on many levels and leaves space around its margins and in the centre for the reader to engage and return to with a growing sense of its importance.

Drawing upon Poundian imagery and Joycean wordplay, the movement dovetailed with compression in advertising slogans, technological and poetic language use, and was firmly modernist in its rejection of subjective expression and negation of metaphor, lineation and organic form. It grew through extensive correspondence between international practitioners and reached its zenith in the Sixties with two special editions of the Times Literary Supplement, influential anthologies and exhibitions in galleries around the world. He links its decline to attitudes to typeface, in particular the reaction against the narrowness of Helvetica, seen as a Cold War artefact expressing unwanted binaries, the success of mail art, and the lack of a new role.

The digital age gave concrete poetry that new role. It now remixes language through text and image manipulation in even more condensed and multidimensional ways. Victoria Bean takes up this theme seeing the new concrete as a response to our immediate world, to culture and its rapid change, citing Turkish artist, Sekan Isin’s attempts to produce anti-codes to intervene against the codes imposed upon us and Ron King’s 2003 anti-war poem ‘Blah! Blah! Blair!’ It also, as Bean implies and is shown in the contents, gives women more of a voice in the art world. The Internet has opened up the past so that it is easier now to re-discover the work of Dom Sylvester Houédard, sadly not in the anthology, or Bob Cobbing the subject of a recent year long series of exhibitions around the country, or virtually visit Ian Hamilton Finlay’s Little Sparta garden.

Chris McCabe writes engagingly of the prehistory and stages of Shape Poetry, Pattern Poetry, Concrete Poetry (1953-1977), Visual Poetry and Vispo producing a more complex and satisfying account of the genre. He shows how the editors arrived at their anthology seeing the visual poets represented, following Shelley’s ‘Ozymandias’, as travellers in both antique and future lands.

The poet artists are presented alphabetically from A-Z producing an unpredictable and random effect. Some of the classic exemplars, such as Augusto de Campos, Cobbing, Henri Chopin, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Gomringer, Edwin Morgan, Décio Pignatari are represented here. The joy of this book comes more from the exuberance and vitality of the range of international contributors, the spread of generations from Susan Howe born in 1937 to Sarah Kelly born in 1985, and in opening any of its pages to be startled, excited and moved by words, such as Thomas A. Clark’s ‘the moment before / the moment before’, or Sophie Herxheimer’s ‘Disaster’, an Oulipian anagrammatic found in the word ‘disaster’ and shaped into a tear, and their transcriptions.

David Caddy 17th November 2015