Some Lines of Poetry from the notebooks of bpNichol, edited by Derek Beaulieu and Gregory Betts (Coach House Books)

Some Lines of Poetry from the notebooks of bpNichol, edited by Derek Beaulieu and Gregory Betts (Coach House Books)

bpNichol is not well known in Britain, although he crops up here and there in anthologies and reviews, and is a big name in the Canada poetry world. He died in 1988 and this book was published to celebrate what would have been Nichol’s 80th birthday. 

The book is a healthy and surprising mix of outtakes, works-in-progress, poetics, notes, translations, homages, visual poems and a lecture, revealing the myriad influences and confluences that informed Nichol’s writing. 

His visual poems are as likely to be concrete and typewritten as hand drawn, and in several places, he works on an idea in several iterations and variations. For instance, ‘fish swimming out of alphabet’ is opposite ‘nothing swimming out of alphabet’, both composed on the same day; and, elsewhere five ‘Turin texts’.

Sometimes, the mutating texts or drawings are laugh-out-loud funny, other times they are elusive and obscure: ‘some lines of poetry’ simply extends lines out from a handwritten word, poetry, down from the stem of the p, up and across from the t, up from the final loop of the y, whilst the bird of ‘Seascape With Bird’ is the u lifting off from a handwritten seagull. Both are wonderful, but despite knowing who Kurt Schwitters is and what he wrote, I do not ‘get’ the drawn shape of ‘Homage to Schwitters’.

When he is most successful, Nichols’ work reminds of me of Robert Lax’s. Playful, focussed and profound, with just enough going on to make a point, to draw attention to a facet of language or experience, to make the reader think, to say something in a different way.

Elsewhere in this beautiful paperback edition, work seems less finished, with various examples of annotations, ideas and possible revisions. Arrows suggest digressions or flights of associative imagination, sometimes it seems that poems are first imagined as instructions or diagrams rather than language, whilst ‘IM: mortality play’ presents revisions and scribbled notes in a far more traditional way.

The piece I have reread the most, however is the lengthy closer ‘Don’t Forget the Author’ a transcript of a 1985 lecture given at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. Despite being a formal piece, it is in many ways the most personal and revealing work in the book and is an intelligent and informed piece of writing – along with the discussion that followed the lecture – about writing, editing and publishing, in the widest sense.

So, although there is mention of marketing and sales here, there is much more about writerly intent, contractual negotiations, book design, freelancing, audiences and reader/writer expectations and relationships. It’s clear that Nichol was a realist, sometimes prepared to compromise, but also that he positioned himself within the (mostly) small press world to get the work and books he wanted published, published in the way he wanted. 

The poems here evidence a playful, generous spirit. Yes, the work is often experimental, but it invites the reader in, to wander and wonder, whilst the lecture is serious but also self-deprecating, amusing and truthful. The same spirit informs the editor’s foreword, enticing readers to read on, to engage with what they call ‘Nichol’s wild, free literary thinking’, noting further on that ‘[h]is range is, as always, astonishing.’

Considering that this, as the blurb puts it, ‘is a map of hidden corners’ and ‘a guidebook to poetic play’, I am looking forward to engaging further with bpNichol’s main body of work.

Rupert Loydell 25th February 2025

Tears in the Fence 81 is out!

Tears in the Fence 81 is out!

Tears in the Fence 81 is now available at https://tearsinthefence.com/pay-it-forward/and features poetry, multilingual poetry, prose poetry, fiction and creative nonfiction by Alicia Byrne Keane, Lesley Burt, Kate Noakes, Lucy Ingrams, Jane Wheeler, Florence Ng, Angela Howarth Martinot, Kasia Flisiuk, Jasmina Bolfek-Radovani, Norman Jope, Frances Presley, Jessica Tillings, Steve Ely, Ian Seed, L. Kiew, Michael Henry, Catherine Fletcher, Bel Wallace, Holly Winter-Hughes, Tristan Moss, Paul A. Green,  Julian Dobson, David Sahner, Jess Bauldry, Mandy Pannett, Andrew Duncan, Blossom Hibbert, Keith Jebb, Paul Stephenson, Poonam Jain, Greg Bright, Helena Steel, Michael Loveday, Charles Green, Penny Hope, Charles Hadfield, Luke Emmett, C. P. Nield, Hannah Linden, Richard Foreman, Ilse Pedler and Charles Wilkinson.

The critical section consists of the Editorial by David Caddy, Gerald Killingworth’s Tears in the Fence 2024 Festival Address, Andrew Duncan on Allen Fisher, Barbara Bridger on Carol Watts, Guy Russell on Guillaume Apollinaire, Emily Moore on Gayl Jones, Robert Sheppard on Philip Terry, David Pollard on Alina Stefanescu, Barbara Bridger on Aneta Kamińska, Frances Presley on Hazel Smith, Steve Spence on Norman Jope, Charles Wilkinson, Michael Lee Rattigan on Anthony Seidman, Joanna Nissel on Ilse Pedler, Bob Cooper on Lesley Burt, Steve Spence on John Phillips, John Brantingham on Judy Kronenfeld, Morag Kiziewicz’s Electric Blue 16, David Caddy’s Afterword and Notes on Contributors.

Cut Up (Vanguard Editions), Dream Into Play (Poetry Salzburg) by Richard Skinner

Cut Up (Vanguard Editions), Dream Into Play (Poetry Salzburg) by Richard Skinner

It’s easy to forget how much fun poetry can be, how fluid and malleable language is as a medium. Caught up in university life, the mechanics of teaching, timetables and academic research it can be hard to find space to play, even as I constantly urge students to trust the process and enjoy finding out what language can do.

Richard Skinner’s two books are a kick up the backside for me, hugely enjoyable gatherings of collaged and other processual poems. I received Cut Up first, which uses a wide range of song lyrics which have been mixed-up with others and rearranged into new forms. Some read as a kind of conversation, others as a metatextual commentary on themselves, some are melancholic or impassioned, a few political; many are laugh-out-loud funny.

When my first years and I discuss the history and use of collage and cut-up, I often stress how they should think about what they are using rather than treat it as a chance procedure, and that I expect the end result to be more than X + Y, that is that something new (let’s call it Z) should be produced, rather than the source material being obvious. Skinner’s poems in Cut Up prove me wrong, taking the opposite approach: each proudly declares their sources and anyone who knows the songs involved will recognise which lines are from which. In fact, they are the written equivalents of the video song mashups popular a few years back, where listeners/readers can marvel at the odd combinations and the unexpected musical and textual results.

I actually prefer the second book I got, Dream Into Play, which includes collaged poems alongside list poems, puns, prose poems, texts constructed using Oulipean processes and other verbal dexterity. The final poem, ‘Life in a Onetime’ is apparently the author’s own favourite poem, a subtle hijacking of a Talking Heads song, which circles the same scene again and again, using images of water imagery and of being lost, until it’s elegiac conclusion, the narrator adrift and alone:

     This isn’t the same ocean
     flowing as a beautiful highway
     that comes into this house
     behind me where there is
     the wheel of a lifetime
     that is ever flowing
     I let the dissolving days go
     You ask me where I am
     What to hold on to

Elsewhere there are ekphrastic poems in response to art by Leonora Carrington and The Deerhunter, ‘two poems after Andrea Gibellini’ (the ‘after’ is not expanded upon), a version of ‘Caedmon’s Hymn’, imagistic short lyrical poems, and a couple of brilliant list poems based on Milan Kundera book titles, where said titles slowly mutate into more and more ridiculous versions of themselves. So ‘The Book of Laughing and Forgetting’ is immediately changed to ‘The Bore of Layering and Format’, and travels through variations such as ‘The Bubble of Line and Friction’ and ‘The Bump of Lithium and Frost’ before arriving at its final line, where we are offered ‘The Bypass of Lolly and Fund’. ‘The Unbearable Lightness of Being’ is subjected to similar lexical abuse and is just as funny.

Although it may appear I am simply engaging with these texts as comical asides, I am not. They may foreground intervention and reversioning, but the results bear rereading and encourage their own critical and theoretical response. In ‘A Patch of Birds’, a brief pastoral poem, we are told the birds ‘sing / This is not / the real world‘, but apart from the Magritte-inspired debate about whether it is the world or simply words on a page describing the world, I want to say it is real, for we make and experience the world through language, make experience, observation and thought in words. Skinner is adept at encouraging us to see and think anew.

Rupert Loydell 31st January 2025

Origin Myths by Duncan Wu (Shearsman Books)

Origin Myths by Duncan Wu (Shearsman Books)

North Virginia, near the Potomac. The book’s narrator is ‘living rough’, ‘crafting wood’ in a forest cabin ‘beneath the ridge’. Alone apart from a dog, he’s bathing in the creek, dozing in the heat, carving images of snakes into the doorframes, and above all walking in the woods. He gathers gemstones. He survives gales, storms and cold. He identifies the local flora (‘golden seal, mayapple, pipsissewa, bloodroot’). He sees lynx, deer, foxes, treefrogs and snakes.

But also, prone since childhood to ‘dervish visions’ and mystical voices, he sees ‘dream-beasts’. He discerns ‘the feral ground/ pulsing with stones shivered by their own genius’. A snake tells him, ‘You think of Paradise lost […] yet the dream, the dream/ is everywhere.’ A fox says 

           “Trees recall the time before our time,
          remember the tribes that farmed this soil,
          that walk here still.”

In the forest, he spectrally encounters these ‘first people’, who ‘cured animal skins’, ‘carved arrowheads’, and whom he senses as ‘both peaceable and defiant’. But he’s also afflicted with darker visions of their destruction by ‘the white folk’ who ‘turned these woods into slaughterhouse and pyre’ in order to take the land:

          There was no witness that saw what transpired,
          so if that land-claim was misbegotten
          none could judge – but then none enquired. 

In this now-haunted landscape, the book becomes increasingly death-driven, with several powerfully savage poems:

          The head swung in darkness, eye-bolted
          to a chain wrapped round a branch, blue tongue
          wailing

until the narrator, via an Ovidian pun, 

wooden slivers in the wounds, subtly curved,
          pushing down through the skull, deep down, into
          the trunk

metamorphoses into an oak-tree.

This Romantic pastiche with Gothic flourishes (‘the beast is father of the man’) is buttressed by its formal choices. The quatrain dominates: about half the poems are loose Bowlesian or Shakespearean sonnets, with many others in heroic stanzas, plus a dozen or so in loose blank verse. But odd things are happening in the prosody as well as the subject-matter. Some concluding couplets feel like they were written by Wordsworth’s dog:

whenever the frogs possess me with rhythm
          I’m remade by their musical vision.

Or a jaunty light-versifier:

          On issues like this you must be precisional:
          hold on life can be mighty provisional.

Or with sententiae that look suspiciously parodic:

          The self-judging mind is prone to laxity
          when it’s confronted by reality.

Meanwhile the register runs from archaic (‘emperies’) to neologistic (‘frenzilicious’). There are high-flown apostrophes (‘o creature from the/ world before the flood, were you sister of/ Jörmungandr’) and also street-talk (‘badass gullywasher,/ no-shit cyclone’). Line-breaks split not just articles from nouns and auxiliary from main verbs, but even a bipartite placename. The supposed shack is built both ‘three centuries’ ago and by a Civil War veteran. 

A trail of internal geographical clues, as well as the epitext, join these literary giveaways to expose the cantrip. The shop-fronted wilderness is actually high-end wooded suburbia, the rough cabin a stylish spread, the lyrical isolation a well-frequented country park, and the narrator-poet certainly not the titular poet, who is in fact an eminent professor in a prestigious Washington DC university, his own origin being one of the myths. The reveal undercuts the ostensibly ultra-serious performance in a manner that makes the book considerably more interesting but more troubling. For instance, the afterword’s concern with the history and current treatment of native Americans feels genuine. But what can now be trusted after such audacious self-sabotage? I suppose Romanticism always was a mythologizing ideology. I suppose a contemporary epigone has to wink a bit. Well, it’s worth reading to make up your own mind. 

Guy Russell 25th January 2025

Spoke Reflector by Ed Tapper (Cutty Dyer Press)

Spoke Reflector by Ed Tapper (Cutty Dyer Press)

This is Ed Tapper’s second collection from Cutty Dyer Press and follows on in its exploration of the local environment as well as forays into wider regions. Tapper is a master of wordplay and many of the poems in this substantial volume are generated by observation related to language. He is as entertaining on the page as he is on the stage and he manages to combine the right mix of ‘madness and accessibility’ in his work which is often fuelled by an ongoing flow of wit and linguistic comedy. He also has a serious interest in the visual arts, an aspect which is represented in some of the poems here, as well as a melancholy streak which provides a useful counterpoint to what might otherwise be an ‘excess’ of controlled craziness. There’s a pattern developing in the cover art, titles and typography which is both visual and to do with objects, it would seem, where ambiguity and ‘coming at things from a tangent’ seem to be key concepts.

     In ‘Summer Reverie (for Spencer Shute)’ Tapper amalgamates his recurring wordplay into a sort of pastiche which references earlier styles while managing to feel very contemporary. Here are the opening stanzas:

          Had an awake dream

          A kind of blokey Blakey reverie

          Of Albion and stuff

          Like Spenser and Donne and

          Like what Spencer done 

          Anyway

          I was barking at jackdaws

          That lined the field

          In solemn troops saying

          ‘We did visit all your battles

          On this green earth finding

          Your flesh at intervals regular

          Most yielding to our beaks’

                  Then cackle and fly off always

     A lot of Tapper’s poetry relates to Plymouth and its surroundings, which are spectacularly visual, and to the local characters inhabiting the scene though there is also plenty of material focussed on travel to other countries. His work certainly has a lot of ‘out and aboutness’ to it which provides an interesting contrast to the linguistic inventiveness of his formal devices. These are poems which can breathe and expand as well as entertain.

     A good example of Ed Tapper’s art poems is ‘The Sea at L’Estaque by Paul Cezanne 1878 ‘where we have an excellent description of a painting by a painter/poet of a favourite painter. For a fan of Cezanne’s work, as I am, this is a masterful engagement which really attempts to get to grips with what it is about the painter’s work that made it so special and so important. ‘We are not allowed into the village / We are not allowed to suspend out disbelief / And enter the illusion of the picture plane.’ Tapper’s commentary here relates to the ‘monumental’ nature of Cezanne’s picture building where perspective is overturned and where the flat surface of the canvas is seen as such and is determined by brushstroke and architectural design which is much more than simple decoration or graphic depiction. It’s hard to discuss visual art, especially painting which combines a degree of representation with a more ‘abstract’ feel, involved in the process, via language, yet we have no other recourse if we are to comment at all and Tapper’s words here are exceptionally perceptive: 

‘There is no attempt to deceive the eye / No atmospheric perspective / Or tonal recession / No heavenly play of light on water / Or dramatic sunset / There is no drama here / Just bare facts.’ The final part of the poem which deals with the broken friendship between Cezanne and the novelist Emile Zola after the latter effectively accused the painter of egoism could have been sentimental and too conclusive but this is beautifully avoided with the succinct yet perfect lines: ‘Cezanne never spoke to him again / But he still speaks to me’. Wonderful.

     There’s a sort of theatrical improvisation to Tapper’s poetry, particularly those poems fuelled by an energetic wordplay, which belies the factor of construction, as these poems all feel well thought through to the point of delivery, despite an apparent ‘looseness.’ This may have something to do with his previous experience as a theatrical set-designer but also, I suspect, it’s because of a relatively late entry into the world of poetry.

     ‘The Salt Lake of Tuz Gul’ which suggests a holiday in Turkey also echoes with rhythms which resonate with both Edward Lear and Coleridge (his ‘Mariner’) and has a sort of mini-epic feel to it. Tapper is good at suggesting links between the visual arts and literature and his ‘mock Shakespeare’ poem ‘The House of William Shakespeare’ is another playful example of this which signs off with the wonderfully comic ‘Yours sincerely / Ed Tapper / A knave and a fool.’

     In the opening poem ‘Sing Birdman’ – a reference I think to a local Plymouth character who inhabits the centre of the city, we have the following:

          In the Brechtian disco

          It’s suddenly all gone a bit Kubrickian

          Forget all about Bertolt Brecht.

          The dark is lit with a hundred little black monoliths

          The Brecht Sect Zarathustra

          In a Tik Tok idiolect thus sprecht

          ‘Here comes The Birdman’

          Entrance stage right

          Well deux ex machina Birdman

          Go on sing in their delight

          Get selfie with The Birdman

          Hold my pen while I take flight

          Now I’m The Birdman

          I’ll be The Birdman

          I’m flying over the rooftops

          In the black space convolute

          I’ve completely disappeared 

          Into the mirrorball night.

Here we have cinematic echoes, both comic (Mary Poppins, perhaps) and epic (Kubrick) which also imply a dazzling entertainment (mirrorball).

     There’s a lot more I could say about this impressive second collection which is bursting with a variety of themes and approaches but I’m going to suggest that the reader explore further in his or her own time. I’ve given a hint of the range of material here and it will be interesting to see where Tapper goes next in his explorations of sound, geography and art.

Steve Spence 4th December 2024

Aeneas & Son by James Russell (The Knives Forks & Spoons Press)

Aeneas & Son by James Russell (The Knives Forks & Spoons Press)

Over the past decade or so, the Modern Retelling has become an established and lucrative literary sub-genre: Preti Taneja has done King Lear, Pat Barker The Iliad, Mark Haddon Pericles, Percival Everett Huckleberry Finn, among endless examples, all themselves indebted to an original idea by James Joyce. The usual approach is either to keep the retelling in the source’s era but change the perspective (for instance, to highlight the sexism, racism or other prejudices of the precursor) or to transpose it to the present day. James Russell’s distinctive contribution reworks Virgil’s first-century BCE Roman epic the Aeneid, setting it inventively in 1959, and – with admirable commercial disdain – not converting it into a novel but keeping it as long-form poetry.   

In 1959, hero Aeneas has become WW2 vet Ed, his son Ascanius is unassuming-but-clever Ned, his dad Anchises is ladies’ man Leslie and his goddess-mum Venus is posh Lady Vera. The Troy they have to flee is a Richmond almshouse, Dido’s Carthage is a Wiltshire pub, and they move West not over the Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas but along the Great West Road. Italy is Bristol. 

The new poem’s bathetic tenor carries through to its themes and details. Piety is superstition, fate is chance, prayers are phone-calls, shipwreck is car breakdown, the Trojan horse is a woodwormy clothes horse, Laocoön’s serpents are dressing-gown cords, the war is class-based street aggro, and the title itself recalls a Fifties’ small business. The book’s blurb says that readers need know nothing about theAeneid to enjoy it, though to test that claim would need a different reviewer. I had great pleasure (sad, I know) identifying, say, Eviades as Evander, ‘Piggy’ Palfrey as Pygmalion, Neil and Ewan as Nisus and Euryalus and Ann-Marie as Andromache. It helps that there’s lots of wit and imagination in the transformations: the Sibyl is a receptionist, Vulcan an engineering lecturer, and Camilla a newspaper columnist called… Camilla. 

There’s charm too in the late-fifties setting – Dennis Lotis, Workers’ Playtime, Senior Service, The Goon Show, Steve Reeves in Hercules, winkle-pickers and beetle-crushers – despite a few glitches (or obscure jokes?): Desmond the Dachshund? Monte Casino? ‘well-healed’? Vanden ‘Plass’ Princess? The narrative voice ranges widely; sometimes chatty (‘Time to say some words about the Goram Fair before/ we return to Turner & his plans’), sometimes contemplative (‘Is courage a virtue?/ Not necessarily.’), sometimes academic (‘unless there are the discourses of others/ explicitly marked’), often gently comic

            Ed is away; Ned holds the fort.
            He holds it by paying his favourite records
            whenever he wants to as loud as he likes

and occasionally vanishing altogether as the free verse mutates to playscript. The language feels era-appropriate (billet, nelly, gelt…), and the geography’s precise even down to the many real pubs.

The plot does get tweaked a bit, as you might expect. There are no Gods. Anchises dies in Carthage, not Drepanum. Aeneas and Lavinia have an actual date. Anita (Amata) doesn’t commit suicide, nor does Dana (Dido), whom Ed doesn’t see again in the Underworld – he merely encounters a statue while having a kind of bad trip. The prevailing downbeat naturalism also means Ed doesn’t meet the ghost of his father, only his dad’s (living) twin. Chapter Five feels a bit shoehorned, since Leslie’s secret thousands of pounds never get explained nor does the reason for his will’s bizarre conditions. But most radically, this retelling softens the Aeneid’s famously brutal and abrupt ending with a happy epilogue in which Ed gets away with killing Turner (Turnus), while Patsy (Pallas) revivifies, and Ned turns into a tech superwhizz and marries her. Well, it’s a far nicer outcome than a thousand years of militarist Roman imperium, and perfectly apt for this fun and rather original read. 

Guy Russell 28th November 2024

Time Machines by Caroline Williamson (Vagabond Press)

Time Machines by Caroline Williamson (Vagabond Press)

Opening with a poem set during lockdown, this book contains others about art-gallery visiting, being at poetry readings, dog-walking, and thinking about the news, family, films and writing. This makes it sound like a hundred and one first collections but, bit by bit, an autobiography builds up: a Welsh Labour MP granddad, an eccentric but beloved mum who died young, a little brother likewise, a scholarship, and a youth of peace activism with the customary hassles:

                                         […] I wonder 
            why they bothered to tap our phones: we were not the stuff
            of martyrs. But they kept it up: mysterious silences, unusual
            faults on the line. […]

Then teaching in China, migration to Australia, parenthood, more education, and getting wryly older:

            […] me and my generation,
            the survivors so far, just doing what we can
            with interesting clothes and our accumulated skills
            in politics and culture. […]

What also builds up is the nimble but conversational voice. It uses long poems with long lines to correct itself, digress, pile up phrases in apposition and ask questions to the air. It’s intensely self-conscious: ‘There were other things that could have been written here, in this stanza,’ says one poem. ‘Do I give the details?’ asks another. It includes writing tips expressed as self-discoveries (‘you can measure/ the density of the writing by the extent of the terror that precedes it’). It’s satirical about cosy murder series and Hollywood films (‘Somehow in moments/ of high drama there’s always the Stars and Stripes/ dead centre in the screen’), but chiefly about itself: ‘See – / I can feel a spasm of political commitment rising/ unstoppably from somewhere in my mind, and all/ we were talking about was clothes pegs’. What I most liked is how it conveys that oddly chatty despair about the big things that’s so contemporary

            Miserable weather he said and I said no it’s
            lovely weather for the garden and this might be
            the last cool summer ever, we will look back
            from the arid future […]
            […] and say, do you remember
            that final year of normal […]?

while carrying on, at micro-scale, a contented life

            […] We get off the tram and walk
            a few blocks to dinner with friends and also people
            we barely know. Histories of trade unions,
            the knowledge of awards, […]

Its incomer’s enthusiasms are evident in the Melbourne placenames, Australian English (‘tradies’, ‘pollie’, ‘barrack for the Dees’) and local artists/writers (Sybil Craig, Rosie Weiss, Michael Farrell); there’s even a poem, gently sceptical, about the poet’s citizenship ceremony (‘swearing/ in the gobbledegook of Empire/ to find our place on the team’). ‘I want to be disinherited,’ she says, thinking of British literary influence. Structurally, there’s lots of revisiting, right down to the feel of comfortable shoes and Gramsci’s line about the pessimism of the intellect and the optimism of the will, that matches the humorous discursiveness of the individual poems:

            My Crete poem sits there in its first draft: pencil,
            prose, incorrigibly sincere with a worrying streak
            of, horrors, can you believe it, nostalgia.

Caroline Williamson’s work was entirely new and unexpected to me (I’d initially misread Sydney’s Vagabond Press as Glasgow’s Vagabond Voices) but was a great find. Indeed, from the evidence of recent magazines (‘Dido’, in Overland, especially), it looks like it’s getting even better. 

Guy Russell 25th October 2024

The Tanglewood Sonnets by David Harsent (Vanguard Editions)

The Tanglewood Sonnets by David Harsent (Vanguard Editions)

Following his last, visionary, Faber collection Skin, published earlier this year, David Harsent’s latest publication is a simple but beautifully produced 20 page limited edition, The Tanglewood Sonnets, from Richard Skinner’s Vanguard Editions. 

It contains fourteen sonnets.  Each is composed of an opening couplet, followed by a tercet, then two stanzas of four, then five lines. The final line, often a complete sentence, can wrong-foot the reader, countering or contradicting, at times enriching what’s come before. Each has a title which picks up a word from the text.  As in this poet’s previous works, the structure as a whole works through rhythm and repetition.   

There are two unnamed characters, a ‘he’ and a ‘she’. In the first sonnet ‘Their voices sometimes match and marry’ but more often they are distanced, with the man on the outside watching the woman from afar, who is struggling through her own journey, maybe in search of a place of safety. A dreamlike narrative is developed, filmic, with shifting scenes.  A sense of unstable realities and perceptions is emphasised by phrases such as ‘it seemed she might/her understanding of it/what appears/what presents as/what’s said to…’.  Everything is suggested, yet an emotional urgency carries the narrative through the poems and the effect is cumulative, like the form itself.  

Dark images of violence, loss, anguish and despair, reappear at two levels, the intimate, within the relationship, and the wider social and political through the loss of home, migration, an apocalyptic destruction through fire.  In the first sonnet we learn ‘They were members of a cargo-cult’ and images related to such a cult recur: a spiritual search, prophecy, burning, ecstatic dance, a departure from an island, the ghosts of dead ancestors, pariah dogs. Esoteric references, with scenes of fairground (a sonnet titled ‘Freak-show’) and a maze, familiar from some of Harsent’s earlier work, also return in two of the sonnets.  In fact many of the themes, images and references echo Harsent’s earlier volumes of poetry as if they were all part of one pulsing work.

The necessity and limitations of writing as a way of comprehending reality and retaining memory, are touched on in two sonnets. The woman is at times blind and speechless but she’s making notes in a dreambook.   Sonnet IX ‘Words’ expresses some of its contradictions. In the second stanza: ‘Who owns the book must surely treasure it’, is followed in the third by:  

‘Question-marks, under-scoring, marginalia, lines

struck out…It was a long night. There are words

she no longer trusts; they have shed

their music; they say just what they mean’. 

For a poet, words that say what they mean but are without ‘music’ can be at some level untrustworthy, untruthful and, despite the ‘surely’ in the second stanza, the book is not treasured. In the final stanza there’s a house torn down, an oil-drum-fire burning what’s left, and in the last line: ‘She crosses the road and pitches the book into that’. 

Sonnet X ‘The Exchange’ is built up of a vocabulary of sounds: the woman makes a noise that ‘matches’ the dog barking (as she ‘matches’ the man in the first sonnet). There’s ‘a timbral footfall’. ‘The bird is glissando’ and ‘delirious counterpoint’. A sonnet of sounds. Yet again the last line appears to under-cut what’s gone before: ‘From a nearby room he listens to the silence’, prompting the reader to wonder, is that the silence, or his silence?

The work is strongly visual, filmic, choreographic, and as always, musical. Harsent has written libretti for Harry Birtwhistle and has spoken in interviews of how essential music is for him. In a commendation on the back cover of this pamphlet, Sean O’Brien refers to the word-choice, sentence construction and to ‘the musical undertow of the poem’. He states ‘Harsent is the poet as composer’.    

It’s hard to define the powerful effect of Harsent’s writing. It doesn’t lie in the immediate grasp of what the poem is ‘about’.  Part of the satisfaction is in re-reading the poems, to draw out their meanings, but even more it is to experience the cumulative effect of the poetry (images, sounds, intensity of emotion), all that remains with you after you’ve set the book down, and ‘the musical undertow’. 

Caroline Maldonado 9th October 2024

The Necessity of Poetics by Robert Sheppard (Shearsman Books)

The Necessity of Poetics by Robert Sheppard (Shearsman Books)

There is a contradiction at the heart of Robert Sheppard’s book: the fact that he declares poetics to be tentative, nomadic and provisional yet publishes his (tentative and provisional) poetics texts not only as he goes along, but now in an edition of critical pieces that stretch from 1988 to 2023. What was of the moment becomes fixed upon the page.

His 1988 text, which ends the book, remains for me the most straightforward and lucid, reasoned statement in the book. I have used it for decades to introduce the idea of poetics, of thinking about one’s own writing, to school pupils, university students and poetry group and workshop members. Those who balk at what is said in the piece have an escape route: Sheppard quite clearly states ‘It is impossible for anybody who wants to write a poetry that is politically revolutionary to write in the way most poems in Britain are written.’ [my emphasis] Point that out, along with the plethora of ‘may’s scattered throughout and those resistant to Sheppard’s critique of advertising slogans, dislike of active reading and engagement with how language works can metaphorically stand back and engage in discussion.

I’ve also used an earlier version of the much longer title piece, which expansively evidences the fact that poetics can be anything that is useful to and informs or has informed the writing under consideration. So it might be examples of other poets’ work, it might be phrases or associations that inspired or initiated the work, research in its many forms, critical reading, etc. etc. But Sheppard urges us to think about what we write rather than just write. [I actually get students to write a short definition of poetics once they have read and discussed ‘The Necessity of Poetics’ in groups. We then compare and contrast their definitions with each other and, finally, a succinct statement by Sheppard published elsewhere. Of course, this brief definition annoys them, but the wide-ranging and seemingly endless ‘Necessity’ piece is important to show the endless possibilities of poetics.]

Sheppard’s new book gathers up all sorts of poetics: critical essays that pay attention to other poets’ work, commentaries about his own work, discussions of rhythm and pulse, ekphrasis (and anti-ekphrasis), and ideas of networked poems forming a larger whole that can be read in several different ways (cf. Twentieth Century Blues), along with autobiographical pieces about his time in London and teaching at Edge Hill University. Personal experience also informs an intriguing piece ‘Critical Tuning’ which explores the idea of ‘Radio Interference and Interruption as a Poetics for Writing’, an attempt to explain and/or understand fragmentation, grammatical and syntactical jumps as a product of contemporary media and how we listen (or watch or browse).

For me Sheppard’s engagement with poetry once he has written it has always offered a creative freedom. Explore form and content with and through the writing, find out what you have written, edit and shape it, then work out what it is about and why you have written about it. Why have I been reading what I have? How has that work affected or influenced my writing, directly or indirectly? What do I think of my poetry today and what might I think tomorrow? And the same again the day after.

Sheppard can be reassuring but also unsettling, a provocateur and a reconciler, a (metaphorical) warmonger and a conscientious objector, a safe harbour and a wrecker attempting to draw you onto the rocks of experiment and deconstruction. The Necessity of Poetics is not a creative writing handbook or a book of explanatory criticism, neither it is an authorial defence of Sheppard’s own poetry. It is a challenge and an incitement to make it new, to engage with the possibilities of language in all shapes and forms, to realise the linguistic, social, political and aspirational uses of poetry, to think about what we are writing, what we have written, what we could write, and how we might use creativity for utopian ends.

Rupert Loydell  2nd October 2024


Bardcode by Gregory Betts (Penteract Press)

Bardcode by Gregory Betts (Penteract Press)

Are the grids of coloured squares in this hardback book visual art, conceptual writing, asemic writing, concrete poetry or a Shakespearean joke? In his Preface Philip Terry uses the phrase data poem, which is technically correct and a useful description but does nothing to convey the sheer beauty and complexity of the work.

Greg Betts has translated the sounds in Shakespeare’s sonnets into colours and each of the 154 poems into grids, highlighting not only the syllabic count and Shakespeare’s playful disruption of it at times, but also the numerous rhymes throughout all the poems. Terry notes that ‘the music in Shakespeare’s Sonnets is not confined to end-rhymes, but is there in every syllable of every poem, demonstrating how the sounds of the poems are literally orchestrated, making liberal use of internal rhyme and repetitive sound patternings and modulations of form and colour to weave their complex music.’

‘So what?’ you might say, or ‘I knew that’, but Terry quite rightly points out that Betts’ unusual ‘translations’ are a form of original research, a methodology that could be used with other texts to understand and evidence the complexities of structure and form.

Betts has previous for this kind of slippage between text and art, unexpected sideways movements as the result of intelligent and playful lateral thinking and cross-curricular activity. One of my favourites, an early work from 2006, is the haikube, a Rubik’s cube (or a beautiful handmade wooden version of it) with words on that can generate small, imagistic poems when rotated. I use the book version which documents this work with my students – it’s simplicity and outcomes are a good way to introduce and discuss visual texts, processual writing and to move their understanding or poetry away from ‘self-expression’, the dead weight that many writers drag behind them.

What is hard to convey in a review is simply how exquisite these visual poems are. The various blurb writers use words such as ‘jewelled’, ‘heatmap’, ‘glow & shimmer’, ‘chromatic’ and ‘rainbow’s tune’, not to mention ideas of synesthesia, colour-coding and stained glass. Flick through the pages and the poems seem hypnotically repetitive yet each one is utterly different, similar but never duplicate; the colours constantly change and, here and there, extra syllables stray into the right hand margin, disrupting the grid, unbalancing the page.

The block of only 12 lines that comprise Sonnet 126 is visually shocking when it appears, the three extra syllables of the fifth line of Sonnet 118 creep almost to the very edge of the page, and at first glance Sonnet 154 appears to have less syllables in its final line, although closer inspection reveals two pale squares representing unusual and gentle sounds. 

There is a colour code at the back for those inclined to understand more and follow the process further, no doubt with Shakespeare’s original poems to hand, but I prefer to luxuriate in the deconstructed versions Betts presents us with, their singleminded focus on pattern and repetition, rhythm, rhyme and frequency, Bett’s clever and original mapping of language.

Rupert Loydell 15th September 2024

Find out more about the BardCode project at https://apothecaryarchive.com/bardcode-projects